![]() So that this area can be distinguished we added dashed lines in two corners. There is an absolute scotoma at the top and the bottom due to the body of the device. There is a relative scotoma both in the display zone and in the clearance zone (i.e., many things are visible, but not a tree to the right of the large building, or some of the lane markings in the parking lot). Throughout the last decade, augmented reality (AR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) have gradually become a substantial part of modern life, with increasing applications ranging from gaming and driver assistance to medical training. Miniaturized displays, cameras, and sensors, HMDs are now used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of several eye diseases. In this review, we discuss the current state-of-the-art as well as potential uses of AR in ophthalmology. This review includes the following topics: (i) underlying optical technologies, displays and trackers, holography, and adaptive optics (ii) accommodation, 3D vision, and related problems such as presbyopia, amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors (iii) AR technologies in lens and corneal disorders, in particular cataract and keratoconus (iv) AR technologies in retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, color blindness, and vision simulators developed for other types of low-vision patients. Recent technical advancements support the application of Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays (OST-HMDs) in critical situations like navigation and manufacturing. However, while the form-factor of an OST-HMD occupies less of the user's visual field than in the past, it can still result in critical oversights, e.g., missing a pedestrian while driving a car. In this paper, we design and compare two methods to compensate for the loss of awareness due to the occlusion caused by OST-HMDs. Instead of presenting the occluded content to the user, we detect motion that is not visible to the user and highlight its direction either on the edge of the HMD screen, or by activating LEDs placed in the user's peripheral vision. The methods involve an offline stage, where the occluded visual field and location of each indicator and its associated occluded region of interest (OROI) are determined, and an online stage, where an enhanced optical flow algorithm tracks the motion in the occluded visual field. We have implemented both methods on a Microsoft HoloLens and an ODG R-9.
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